Apparatus or means for the production, transmission, and distribution of electric currents.



No. 874,908. PATENTED DEC '24, 19.07.

C. E. PRITTS, DECD.

J. H. mum's, ADMINIBTBATBIX. APPARATUS 0R MEANS FOR THE PRODUCTION,TRANSMISSION, AND DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS.

APPLICATION FILED NOV. 23. 1886.

a SHEEN-SHEET 1.

, 3 u n m :51

No. 874,908. PATENTED 1150.24.1907. I G.E.FRITTS,DEGD.

1 J. H. IBITTB, Anmmswml iux. APPARATUS OR MEANS FOR THE PRODUCTION,TRANSMISSION,= AND DISTRIBUTIONOF ELECTRIC GURRENTS. v

APPLICATION FILED 1&07123. 1886.

3 SHEET5SHEET 2- PATENTED DEC. 24, 19075 I c. E. FRITTS, 113cm.

' J. H. IEITTS, ADMIHISTRATBIX. APPARATUS 0R MEANS FOR THE PRODUCTION,TRANSMISSION, AND

DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC GURR-BNTS.

APPLIUA'IION FILED NOV 23. 1886.

3 SHEETS-SHEET 3.,

Aoxxoxzom 0101010101010 UNITE STATES P TENT OFFICE.

CHARLES rRIT'Ts, E N W YORK, N. Y., JOSEPHINE H. rnrrrs, ADMINISTRATRIX0F SAID CHARLES ErRITTs, DECEASED, ASSIGNOR or ONE-THIRD TO sPENoEn a.Palmrrss, or WASHINGTON, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

To all whom it may concern:

APPARATUS on MEAns FOB rim PRODUCTION, 'rnansms'srou, am) msrnnao'rronor ELECTRIC crmnENrs.

Specification of Letters Patent.-

met 24, 1907.

Application at November 23,1886- Sarisl No- 278.865.

Be it known that I, UHA'RLEs EDGAR Fnrrrsfa citizen-of the UnitedStates, residing at New York, in the county and State of New York,,have'invented certain new and useful Improvements in Apparatus or Meansfor the Production, Transmission, and Distribution of Electric Currents,of which the following is a specification.

My present invention consists in employing a generator or source ofnormally straight or unipolar electric current, electromotive force, orelectric potential, in any form; by *any suitable means varying thepolarity, strength, electromotive force or potential thereof; therewithcharging condensers and transmitting corresponding electrical currentsor impulses over one or more sectional lines. substantially as describedin my Patent No. 383,520, granted May 29, 1888; and utilizing saidcurrents by electrical receivers, including such as are, or ordinarilycan be, used only for straight currents, but which my system enables tobe actuated by alternating currents withoutfirst straightening oradjusting the same.

It also consists in various minor improvements in the construction andarrangement of the lines and the apparatus employed, to

promote the efficiency of my system, all as ereinafter more fully and indetail set forth. Inthe drawings accompan ing this specification andforming part t 'ereof, Figure 1 shows a line arranged on my system, andop- I erated b a vibrating current-varying apparatus. igs. 2 and '3 showrevolving appa- 1 rates for the same purpose. Figs. 4, 5, 8 and 9 show'difierent arran ements of the conmaster line.

densers and circuits. igs. 6, 7-, 9, 10 show electrical'receiversarranged'in the circuit.

- Figs. 11, 13 and 15 show the lines ada ted more especially for' taking"currents -o by movable cross-connections, withf-electrical' receiversalso inserted in the sections, and the method oFarranging branches orextensions in connection with the original or Figs. 12, Hand 15 show themethod of connecting the lines together, and Fig. .15 shows how areturn'circuit may be dispensed with, and the line still bev operated byinduction from both ends. Fig. 16 shows the construction of'lthemagnetic parts of my apparatus. Figs. 17 and 18 show a transformerinserted between the generator and the -graduatet e charging currents.igs. 19 to 23, inclusive, illustrate the met 0d of arranging parallel orbranch conductors, and obtaininglany desired difl'erence of potentialbetween opposite points in; them. Fig. 24,6(1 1 shows the arrangement ofgenerators of counter electromotive force in branch conductors- Fig. 25shows the means for controls ling the local circuit containing S B, Fig.11..

Figs. 26 and -2 7 show inductive translating 'devices in the line, withgenerators of counter 'electrometive force in the local circuits;

in Fig. 28,, showing similar inductive devices in the line, the localcircuits are continuous lines, while that in. Fig. 29 is a sectionalline. Fig. 30 represents an arrangement for auto-n "matically changingthe switches of Fig. 15, and reversing the control over the line.,

The general iinciple of my invention may be illustrated y thearrangement shown Fig. 1. The generator may be any kind of producerorsource of electricv current, electromotive force or electricpotential, in any form,-whether-it be a machine, a primary g orsecondary battery, thermo-electric or photo-electric battery or pile, orany other device. In the figure it 1s for convenience shown as abattery, B. C is the apparatus for varying :the normally straightcurrent. furnished by the generator, and may be any suitable deviceforreversing polarity to produce alternating currents; for opening andclosing, the ,circuit, to roduce interrupted currents; for varying t evolumepotential or electromotive force, to produce undulavarying thechar 0 oi the condensers 'connected to the pofis of the apparatus. Allsuch devices I*call current-varying appaman In Fig. 1 the well knpwnpole-W5 changer is for convenience represented as employedto reverse thepolarity of said charges. a It is automaticallyactuated by the localbatteryB in a local circuit passing through, themagnet M the bar i ofthe polechangensprin ron its end, and setscrew 1, then back to batte 2 2are the usual set screws for limiting the play of the bar 11.

. The screw Z is adjusted to-regulate the interplolar condensers tomodify and 55 tory or vibrating currents; or for in any way r p ruptionsof the current, by breaking contact with the spring 1" when the magnetdraws down its armature on the bar, and allowing the bar to be drawnback again by the spring 5 r, as is usually done with automatic clrcuitbreakers. The spring r mayrbe insulated w from the bar t; the magnet M.may be actuated by a branch from the main battery or generator B; thebar may be actuatedman- 1 0 ually or otherwise whenever desired; andother obvious variations in the arrangement may be made, without at alldeparting from the :principle of my invention, At the other end ofthe'bar are arranged the, usual spring levers 4, 5, connected to thepoles of the battery, and the fixed stop or rest,3, which, with the bart', is connected to the external circuit or the earth, as ,will bereadily understood from the drawings. In this case, the poles of thegenerator are'designated by P and P Where they are connected to thecondensers K K, at the ends of the sectional line shown, which extendsfrom the terminal or polar condensers through all the interveningsections and condensers. The length of the contact and speed of thevibrations may be regulated by adjusting the set screws 2, 2, and

1, the springs rand 1', the strength ofbattery B" etc. as usual. Thedifierence of potential between the poles may also be var1ed, as'by aswitch S, to include more or less of the battery in the circuit, as wellunderstood.

The bar '5 being caused to vibrate, the ac tion is as follows: Attheinstant when it, is m the position shown, the positive ole-0f thegenerator is. connected tot and and the negative pole to P and K. Thisgives the condenser plates which are electricall con- 40 nected wit P. apositive electrical 'c arge,

which has substantially the same and density as its source. The oppositeplates are thereby charged negatively to anequal potential and density,and their positive electricity (and that of the line section between K"and K) is driven to the other 'end of thefsection, where the plates-of'K connected to it are given a'positive charge substantially e ual tothat of K. The oppo- 5os1te plates 0 K are also charged negatively,

as @hplained With whichalso causes-a P tIVe current or impulse to besent over the next section to K. In like manner 9% successlve condenseris charged, an osltlve currentsjor impulses are sent over. 12 e suecessive sections to the end, where K is thus charged negatively on theplates connected to P. At the same instant when the-a e action occurs, asimilar but inver e actlon 6 es place at the pole P5, w P chargesnegatively, and sends'a negative im ulseor u rent over the lin to and Pthus-r9111 forcin d d ubling the work. done at pole- P. At the nextinstant the poles are reversed by pole-changer C,ea'cl1 condenserinstantly potentlal discharges into and over the line section connectedto it,-'and is charged in the reverse sense, roducing the beforedescribed series 7 of resu ts but in the opposite direction. In thismanner there are sent over the line currents or im ulses of alternatelyopposite directions, wl iose electromotive force depends on thepotential at the generator, and their strengt or volume upon thecapacity of the condensers, 'as fully explained in my said former case.Strictly speaking, it would be more correct to say that the potential atthe generator determines the maximum potential of the, current, and thecapacities of the condensersdetermine the volume of current which can besupplied by them during the period of time occupied by one reversal .orvariation of their charges, '5. e., the greater the quantity ofelectricity contained by the charged condenser, the larger the currentit cankeep up during the given time. But the volume of current which canflow over a sec tion also depends on the relation between the otentialand the resistance in the section. n fact, the whole system is more orless interdepend'ent.

[The electromotive force and the rate of reversalor variation at thecurrent generating and varying apparatus, the capacities of thecondensers, and the'resistance in' the sections,.should all be properlycoordinated adjusted relatively to each other accord- "ing to the methodfully explained in my sald former patent, inorder to produce acontinuously flowing alternating current on the line havingthe strengthand character desired in each case, and my general method consists in socoordinating and adjustin the elements of the system.. That metho I maybe here briefly lllustrated as follows: We may take as our startin pointthe normal difference of potential, of 'P,

to be employed on the line, Then the vol ume of current required willdetermine the maximum resistance, R, to be alllowed in a section, andthe maximum total resistance inthe line will of course determine N, thenumber .of sections necessary to contain it. The line-capacity L-F,ofthe condensers determines the length of time, T, in seconds, for whichthey can keep up that flow of current, and this time fixes. the rate ofreversal or variation required at the current generating and varyingapparatus in order to givethat charge to the condensers. Or, wemay beginour calculations with a given volume ofcurrent to be furnished or agiven resistance. to be overcome, or a certain size of condensers to beused, .011 with any other part ofthe system fixed, and by arranging theother parts to suit that one, 1 as 111st desc bed, we can construct asystem which w lvlvplrod'noe the required results. "j

9 13 Cardew voltmeter is used for measuring the volts of an alternatingcurrent, in a circuit without self or mutual induction, the readingobtained is the aver age or mean of the voltage, and is mathe-"matically expressed by electricians as equal to fthe square root of themean square of the volts. But for every-day practical work we may assumethat the D' of P given by such measurement is one-half of the extreme D.of P actually existing in the current alternations, and that is theformula I employ. The condensers must of course be charged up to theseactual current potentials, or to 2 D. of -P. The D of P as'measurcd theD- of P of the current or condenser '2. The amperes which termined bythe maximum R in any section.

the series.

'In computing the required capacities of the condensers, the chargecontained on each side of a condenser,in coulombs D of P of thecondenser, multiplied by'the capacity, F, in farads,provided timeisgiven to become fully charged. When a series of like condensers areconnected to the pole of an electric. generator; the working orlinecapacity, LF, of each, is its individual capacity, F, divided bythenumber, N, in The charge of each will then be, in coulombs, D of P ofthe condenser multiplied by its line-capacity, L-F. Or, coulombs twicethe D of P of the current as measured, multiplied b the'line-capacity.The charge being given in coulombs, for a given line-capacity and D-ofP. of currentrequired,the length of time, T, in

1 seconds, coulombs the amperes required.

.ured b If T isl 500 second, then the current should be reversed 500times per second in order to-keep a current continuously flowing, andthe generator must supply a D' of.P equal to twice the Dof P of thecurrent as measthe voltmeter. Conversely, the coulom s of chargerequired to furnish the given current the amperes of current,multiplied-.. by.the time during which the condenser must furnish thecurrent. As an example, suppose we want on the. line 50 amperesof a 1000volt alternating current,

. reversing 500 times per second. ThenjlOOO 50 20 ohms R fora section,which may be arranged in multiple arc, in series, or in any way toproperly utilize 50 amperes of current If we have 100 ohms R. in all, wewill require 5 sections. 50 amperes, multiplied by 1 500 second 1/10coulomb of-charge required in each condenser. capacity of a condenser infarads is-found by dividing the charge in coulombs, by the -D. of Pbetween its lates.

Inthis case, 1 /10 coulombs, divide by2000 volts The 1/20,0001farad, b0microfarads, which it follows that the line will contain 5 condensers of250 microfarads each. No allowance is made for lossesin'the' condensers,etc. as the actual D of fiP of the current will exceed the value assumedin the formula sufliciently to offset all losses. V The foregoingoutline will explain the encral method of arranging a system accorilm tomy invention, but for full details reference .should behad to my saidformer case.

The a paratus before described answers very we for moderate speeds, andin certain cases,as for isolated lants, telegr: Shy, telephony, and thelike. or more rapi reversals, and with more powerful currents, arevolving circuit-breaker may be used, as shown at C0, in Fig. 2, where'w' is a commutator or circle of segments insulated from each other, buteach oneconnected to a corresponding segment in a similar wheel W,

whlch has the non-conducting se ments withthe conducting ones. W and 'wrevolve I together. Two brushes, 6 and 7, bear on opposite sides of w,which are connected to the poles or brushes 20, 21,.of the generatorAIM,

shown as a dynamo-electric machine, but it may be a battery, or anysuitable source of electricity. I These brush'es,-6 and 7, are-arrangedto bear on two or three segments of w at once, as, by makin the segmentsspiral (as seen in Fig. 3,), and usin a broad brush or two connectedbrushes. ff one is used, its bearing is midway between the bearings ofthe two outer brushes, P, P, u'pon W. The

object of this is to connect each inner brush to both of the outerbrushes shown near it. P consists of two brushes bearing on oppositesides of W and electrically connected, and P? is similarly arranged.-Thus P 1s alternately connected to each poleof the gen erator as thewheel revolves, as'also is P to I the opposite poles. When desired tobreak contact sooner, as explained with Fig. 1, the

brushes may be adjusted for that purpose,

or the non-conducting segments may be,

made wider than the conducting ones,all of which is well understood bythose versed in the art. Any'number oflines may be connected to each ofthe poles P and P, as explained in my said former case, and the ends ofseveral such lines are shown Fig. 2.

The wheels W and w may be revolved by any convenient means, which isshown in Fig.

2 as an electric motor E M, actuated bya battery B and connected bybelting b to W. Of course the motor ma be driven by aportion. of thecurrent from t e generator MM,1 f desired, as is indicated by the dottedbranch of thelocal circuit, a a.

In, Fig. 3, W and w are'placed on the axle of the motor. The brushes areomitted for the sake of clearness. By putting similar wheels W to on theother end of the axle, two separate currents can be synchronouslyvaried, as shown by W, Fig, 16, in my said for mer case. Any equivalentor suitable arrangement may be used for reversing or varying thecurrents for transmission over my line as already described, and itsspeed regulated in the usual ways, as by a switchS, for varying thestren th or tension of the battery or current emp oyed to drive it; by abrake; by a governor; or otherwise. When a dynamoclectric or similarmachine is used for enerating the electricity, the wheels W an 11) ortheir equivalents or substitutes may be mounted on the axle or shaft ofthe m achine or driven by it, and its speed adjusted by any suitable orwell known means. The potential of the currentssupplied by the machinemay also be varied, as y changing the connections of its coils, oradjusting the speed, etc., as is well understood. The currents thusproduced and sent over the sectional line may be utilized as usual byinserting any desired electrical receivers in the line conductors orbranches, as is done with all other sys tems using continuous lines. I

If a cross-connection is made between two lines at points of differentpotential, current will flow through it, and in proportion to thediflerence of potential between its terminals.

I'utilize such cross-connections for service. The most convenient way isby arranging contiguous lines, carrying currents in' the same direction,with their condensers alternating in position, each condenser beingopposite the center of resistance of the adjoining line scctlon, asshown in Fig. 11. By this means,

the service cross-ponncction, arranged transverscly, may be mowed alongthe line as desired, and there will always be a uniform difference ofpotential between its terminals, no matter how near to or far from thegenerator it maybe located.

For the purpose of describing theaction of cross-connections, two halvesof the same line, as in Fig. 1,- or two branches of the same half, as inFigs. 2, 4, 5, 11, 12 13, 14,15 and 23, or two branches of the samesection, as between K and K in Fig. 1, also in Figs. 19, 22 and 23, orany two parallel or approximately parallel conductors conveying cur rentcorresponding to the line current, ma be considered as two separatelines, as thelr action is the same as if they were two lines, each ofwhich returned to the opposite pole of the generator, as in Figs. 2 and13. These service cross-connections are represented by a series of shortparallel lines, as N N, or L They may be permanently connected at theirends or terminals N N by any suitable clamp, joint, or other connectionto the line, or their terminals may be movable along the lines andconsist of brushes or other contact makers.

When a system is well supplied with crossconnections, one or evenseveral breaks in the line will not seriously disturb the action, exceptbetween the break and the nearest cross-connection, as all theneighboring parts of the'system are drawn upon for current to equalizeand perfect the action. If a considerable length of lineis gone, (asacross a river, or other inaccessible position) ternporary crossconnections from the broken ends to a neighboring line, as at a, n inFig. 11, will restore the efficiency of the line up to the break, untilrepairs can be made.

In order to allow the service cross-connections to be moved along theline without electrically connecting the two consecutive sections at thecondensers, I arrange the sections with an opening between theircontiguous ends, as between the sections L and 1 in Fig. '12, whichopening I close with a nonconductin (i. 8., not electrically-coimeetingbetween t e sectious,) strip L. K is the condenser, which is connectedby conductors to the ends of the line sections L and L. Fig. 12also-shows a contact-maker which may be employed as a movable terminal Nfor 'the service cross-connection. It consists of a suitable frame work,mounted on two metallic wheels, by which the current is taken up fromthe liiie or track, and is then conducted across by L to the otherterminal. When this device is moved onto the non conducting strip, L,the current is cut off, because L is longer than the contact base of theterminal N. If the terminal is moved along rapidly, the intermission isbut momentary and is of little importance. When desired to have thecurrent continuous, a supplementary contactinaker or switch T is added,being supported by or jointed to the frame work, havin a handle t, bywhich the end may be brought into contact with the next followingsection'of line. S is a catch for holding it normally out of action whenturned down as shown. T may be operated automatically, by inserting adetaining magnet Min the main cross circuit L and T in a branchcircuitaround the magnet. r is a spring which forces T down when free to do so,pullin on an arm of T, but is normally prevente by the attraction of themagnet M for its armature, which is carried by the arm of T. As soon asthe'current through M is cut off, the spring r forces T down, and thecurrent a ain flows thro h the crossconductor L iy way of T ahd thebranch conductor. A similar terminal may be used at the other end of Land facing in the same directiont In arranging a line or system of linesfor utilizing currents in service cross-connections, as described, theterminal or olar condensers of the lines may be place together oralongside, by inserting in one of the sections a resistance sufficientto bring its elecerases trical center op osite the other condenser,shown byR 1n 'gs. 11, 13 and 14; This-resistancemay be utilized, in anyway desired,

as in-iworkmg apparatus at the generating 5 station, or it may consistof one or more loop lines for outside service, as shownby B; Thisarrangement may be ap lied in any section of the line, and enable t econdensers to be placed in any desired relative positions.

It can, also, as before stated, be applied to other, and vice versa.

adjust two branches or conductors in the same section, to bring thepoint of zero 0- tential in one of them opposite to the en 01'.- pointof .highest or lowest" potential in the The cross-conductors can then beconnected at opposite points, instead of connecting them at pointsdiagonally across, as was shown between K and K in Fig. 1, in ordertoget the required difference'of potential between their terminals,

N, N Any desired'difference of potential may be obtained betweenopposite points in the branches by inserting the proper amount ofresistance, R, in the alternate ends of the two section-branches, andtlfus enable'them branches are connected by cross-conductors,

which, ;,extending diagonally between the branches, meet1them' at pointsof different potential, and currents will therefore flow Between"through such l cross-conductors.

40 K and K these cross connections are duplie nections in bothdirections.

- conductors are electrically connected at their cated in the transverse'direction,'both the branch 'andcross conductors containing electricalreceivers El. Between K and K are three .branches, with numerousC10SS-00I1-. If these various crossings, it is evident that acurrentcoming from the left, for example, can flow through the crossconnect1ons,e1therupward or downward,since in both cases itwill berogressing toward the other condenser. I y suit ably arranging a sectionin this manner, a break in one of the cross connectlons, or even 1n themain branch conductors, w1ll produce but little effect, owin to'thenumerous paths still remainin open or the currentsjto take from one conenser to the other.

B serting the resistance R. or R in the sections as before explained, Ican induce any deslred d fference of potential 4 etween;

,pomts directly opposite each other, sothat I can attach my crossconductors transversel instead of dialglonally. Between; K and."

arra'n ementsof the sections are .shown sue 66. directly over them.tween-1-and K", R

equals one-half the resistance of the branch in which it is inserted.The working endof each section, next to R, is therefore at 0 potential,while the end of theoppositebranch .is at 100 volts'. A cross connectionbetween these opposite points will therefore have a diflerencelofpotential of 100 volts between its terminals. And a like difference ofpotential will be found if the cross connection is placed at any otherpoint between the connear to or distant from the generator. centers ofresistance of the branches are marked O, and on each side of Oare thesigns indicating the polarity of each half of them.

is minus potential, while the other half is plus or positive potential.

Between K and K, sists of the loop one-fourth .the resistance of thebrane taining it, therefore the working end the branch is there 50 voltspotential, while the have a difference of potential of 50 volts betweenits terminals, no matter where it is placed, as is seen by thepotentials marked on the branches at different points, at the ends ofthe-dotted cross lines. In like manner, by'suitably varying theresistance of or R any desired ifierence ofpotential is obtained withinthe limits at-the condensers. Between K and K theresistanceR in the tirebranch. In the center branch,R equals one-fourth the resistance of thebranch. Consequently, any oint in the center branch ha's a potentialmidway between the potentials in the outer branches, as wlll be seenmarked in the drawing. It 1s of course understood that the resistancesin the various conductors are so arranged that the different propercurrents. A certain-volume of ourbe caused to divide :up betweenthevarious conductors in any required proport1ons,by properlyproportionirg the resistances. The polarities marked in which thecurrents will flow when the. condensersare charged as marked.Attila-next instant the charges are reversed, and the cur rentsflow'throughalLt-he conductorem the g. 19,- andin Fig. 22, are shownsimilar arrangements. FigK22 is ,the same as Flg. I9 between K and inumber of the'cmssecon uctorawith than in Fig; '19, threepairs densers,or (if the whole linezis similarly arranged,) at any point in the line,wheti ifir" a the resistance conline B with its electrical receivers.,In thls case B 1s shown ase ual to conelectrical receivers inthemwilljget their pposite direction. Between K and K3 1 From zeropotential to the negative arma- I ture of the-condenser, the branchconductor end of the other branch, opposite, is at 100 v volts. A crossconnection will therefore outerbranch equals one-half'thatof theen rentflows between the condensers, and can cate the direction-inn.

electrical receivers E Between K and K5,; of brancheonduetors areshowmomh of which is equivalentltothe' pair in Fig. 22. Only a fewelectrical re ceivers are shown at E, but any desired number ma "ofcourse be inserted, as in any other multip e are arrangement. In; Fig.23, the previous explanations show how any desired difference ofpotential is obtained between two adjacent sections. In Fig. 20, severalbranch conductors are shown, arranged as before explained, so that theymay be conpoints. The resistances R or R in each ranch can be electricalreceivers or loop lines for service, as before explained. The conductorfrom the armature of the conof course made of very low resistance, as isseen by the enlar ed portion" opposite. it in Fi 19, between 1 4 and K,to fal of otential up to that point.

In ig. 21 the branches, instead of being connected dlrectly to thecondensers as in Fig. 20, are all arranged as derived circuits from twobranch conductors, whereby only two resistances, R, are required for allthe ductors are shown in full lines alternating with the other set shownin dotted lines. The conductors to the working ends of the branches areof low resistance, as ex )lained forFig.20. The methodindicatedinteforegoing figures and arrangements can be .varied in many ways, to suitall the requirements of service. It will of course be under-' stood thatit isnot necessary to arrange the lines parallel, as shown, or in anyarticular manner, in order to be ableto app y and use these servicecross-connections, but they may be attached at the points ofproperpotential in the lines, regardless of how the lines are arranged.And in insulating such a system the only losses which need he s eciallyguarded against are those from eakage around the condensers, and bet eenconsecutive sections, as between L an L, 111 Fig; 45 12. This shouldbe'inconsiderable, however, on account of the minuteness of the periodsof timeduring which it can occur, and the fact that insulatingsubstancesdo not deteriorate under. the action of alternating currents, astheydowith straight currents.- Leaka e between adjacent lines comesnext, but in this case there is only one-half as great diiferenoeoffpotential to provide 'against.

' Anumber of lines may be connected to the samepoles and arrangedparallel with e ch other, as shown in Fi 13, or in any ot er suitablemanner. If t e different lines/have not the same Iine capacities, theywill (in any time less than the maximum) be charged to differentpotentials, which ,Will be inversely as their capacities, as is wellknown. Hence, time enough should be allowed between the nectedbybross-conductors at any desired denser to. the working ends of thebranches is prevent any conductors in the section. One set of con--reverse or variationsof charge tb" fully e74,9os

tials. Two (or more) lines may be connectf ed and operated by a singleseries of condensers, when they are near enough together,

.instead of 'using separate condensers for each line. Fig. 12 shows howtwo lines may be operated by one set of condensers, by connecting bothto the same armatures pr plates.

L and L are the consecutive sections of one the line or lines proper,and be connected thereto b suitable conductors, in the general manner sown by Figs. 12 and 14. But the condensers may be made in arts, wherebythe two lines could be electrically insulated from each other, even whenoperated bythe same condensers, as shown in Figs. 4, 5, 8 I

and 9. Each part may have a switch or other convement arrangement forputting it in or out of service, as s own in Fig. 8, where the two lefthand switches S and S are turned to break the connection between thefractional condensers to which they are at-. tached and the circuit L,while the switches S and S put the other fractions of the condenser incircuit. This circuit may be in the main line, or in a branch thereof asseen in Figs. 4,.5 and 9, or in a. side or independent branch line,orarranged in any Way desirpd.

In Fig. 5 the enlargements on the two branches represent electricalreceivers of any kind, for utilizing the currents flowing over them.These branches or derived lines may also consist of sections connectedby condexfsers, as represented in Figs. 4 and 9. The capacities of thesecondensers should correspond to those of'the fractional condensers fromwhich they.receive their charges. By giving to the-fractional condensersthe proper capacities for the work to be performed, just the propervolume or potential of current,

and no. more, can-"pass through thelines or electrical receiversconnected to them. The

branch circuits may continue between the two mam line condensers, 1n themanner shown in Fig. 9, or they may unite at any-distance from the one,as seen in Fig. 4, to form r a main line conductor L, or a servicecrossconnection L or may have a ground connection at E. It should beunderstoodthat any part or arrangement of my systemwill operate with"only one end of the line connected to 'one poleof the generator, and theother to earth, as is indicated at E, in Figs. 1, f1, 5,

but the inductive power'of the line.con-

'densers will be only one-half as great as when both ends of the'lineare connected to the generator poles, which is the properarrangeranged'in branches-.' The circuit and the currents in a servicecross-connection may be manipulated and arranged in the same manner asthe main line sections, in every i one side while still using the tion,etc;, the lattercould carry currents of double the potential of theformer, with no swabs ment of my system-for thebest results. Anotherdifference in the action is this: Supposing that there is. anelectromo'tive force or difference of potential between theterminals ofthe generator,for example, of :B, in Fig. 1,-amo unting to 100 volts,then thispoten tialwill-be differently distributed in the two cases; Inmy complete system, the potential at ole P will be +50, and-P -50. 'Butif t e line is grounded, as indicated by the dotted'lines at E'E, then-Pwill be 100, .and P or E will be 0. That is to say the line would, inthe latter case, require to be 'maintainedat a potential twiceas high(relatively to the zeropotential of the earth and all adjacent objects)as. in'theformer case.

I All other things. being equal, thelo'ss-from poor insulation, andother leakages, would be twice-as'great on the grounded line as on.the-double-polefline or, with the same insulamore loss by leakages. Infact, however, the superiority of the double-pole over the single-poleor grounded arrangement is still greater, as will be evident 'toelectricians upon considering the action of my system,

and I therefore need not further explain the same.

In the drawings, .one' side or half of the condenser 1s represented asentire, 'i. e., the

fractional/parts, as shown and described.

Onthe other hand, separate condensers may 'for convenlence be arrangedtogether, inde [pendent of each other but virtually forming onecondenser, so as .to-be coupled up, for

- quantity, as many of .them as desired, as 40 Y well understood.

Fig. 9 may be a section of-the main line divided into branch sectionallines as before mentioned, to each of which separate duty is allotted.It is' represented ascontaining an electrodynamic motor, whose fieldmagnetsM M are in one branch, and its armature A in another. Itsterminal condensers K K are connected to adjacent sections L L oftheline It may also be a service cross-connectlon between the termlnals NN,-s1m1larlyiarres ect'.

efore' leaving, the subject. of vfractional condensers I will, for thebenefit of operators who may not be well versed-inthe laws ov- -erningthe'action of condensers, exp ain more fully the effect of cutting 1918cof obtaining the proper potrentia or -voiii'ieofnurrentfortheelectrical' eceivers, as stated .in' thedescription of "the derived sectional lines, so that the may know whatto do and what to avoid In order to get .thecurrent they-require. I willsim 1y state the -method, employed, (which, 'of course, applies to-allcircuits, as'wellas to derivations,) without rehearsing all the law-sand principles involved, as they .canilookthose If one of the branchcircuits in Fig. 5.is opened, the current through the other branchwillnot be the same-as before, because would thenhaveunequal working. sides,and their charges will have different characters, although the amount-of. electrical energy may be the same in each. In Figs :4, 5, 8 and 9this inequality is for convenience shown as a difference in the numberof the produced y a difference in the sizes .ofthe opposing'plates, orin their positions, or arof condensers 'andelectricians. All thetrically connected are e uivalent to one plate of. their joint size. Dierent, condensers arand .will act as one con'denser. .-In-' 'specti onof the figures will show-that1fthe two sides of a condenseryforinstance, K, 1n

denser with equal sides has a. certain .ca-

acity, that is. the ca acit'y of each side. If one of the sides is t onincreased. or di-' 'minished ten times in surface or size, that waysprovided that the lates .are properly arranged 'to actlas a con enser.If three of the parts in Fig. 8 are cutout by the switches, then thelower half of K will have only onefourth the surface of the upper half,and if charged to an equal density will have only one-fourth thequantity.- But 1t 1s well knownthat the quantities of-the and chargesare always equal, and that the side having the smaller surface willbecharged to a higher potential, and so contain a-charge'or uantit equalto thaton the'larger side:v It a so fol ows that the current sent out .bthe smaller side will have-a greater potentia If the other end of theconductor or section.L L in Fig. 8 is similarly connected to afractional condenser of esamekind and size as K, (as isshown in Fi 9,)then, although the ener'g of the current'sent over that section ma e thesame as in the other sectionsv which use the full' capacities of thecon-' the current will e different in this section. is plain fromth'elaws of inductlonm condensers; GODSQfieHtlY, if the lower ofyK is-'chargedto. a- 'gherpotentiahthe rent over this sectio' n-w;rillhnrc:agreater:

inductive lates. 'Butin practice'it is alsoside will have its capacitycorrespondingly changed, relatively to the other s1de, al-

densers, yet-the otential and the volume ofup in the books forthemselves-,if they wish.

the condenser which furnishes the current rangement, as is wellunderstood by makers plates which are similarly arranged and elec rangedtogether, with their plates alternately Fig. 8, have unequal sides,their ca acites willbecorrespondinglydiflerent. f a con- Fig. 4 can beadjusted to suit the electrical receivers therein, byvarying the sidesof the of P, although theicurrents over-the two adjacent sections havethe normal D-ofP of the line. On the other hand, if the capacities ofthe inner or contiguous sides of these (within practical limits) can behad by making their respective capacities inversely pro portional, andthus any desired DotP will be obtained in the current over a sectionsupplied by such condenser or condensers, giving the consumer power totake oil a current of any character desired, within the capacity of thegenerator. In the same Way, the DofP and the volume of the current overthe branch orderived sectional lines in fractional main-line condenserK, as stated in the description ofthose lines. If the section L L isconnected to earth, as'shown in Fig. 5, only one side of one condenserneed be adjusted, to secure the desired DofP of current over thatconductor or section as before described.

It will of course be understood that the conductors or sections ma bearranged to contain electrical receivers in series, multiple are, or anyother manner preferred,'accord ing to the methods well known to'electricians, especially when the section is con nectedlto earth at itsfurther end, as iniFigs.

' 4 and'5. But when the section forms arpor tion of a line which extendson beyond it, or on each side of it, the arrangementmust obviouslyinclude some means for maintainin the continuity of the line, so thatthere shall be no opening of the circuit and breakin of the current.This can be doneb equiva ent resistances, in shunts around t eelectrical receivers, and other well known methods, (such as-thosecommonly employed in series circ t5 and the like,) or by the arrange- I'ments shown in Figs. 1, 4, 5, 9, 11, 12, 13,14, '15, 18 to 22,inclusive, and the lik a The length of the line sections in my sys temmay be from. a few inches or feet up to [1 mile, 10 miles, or 100 milesormore the length and resistance beina matter of judge each case.

ment and expediency, an depending on the work to be done (and-thecircumstances in In other; words, it may be. as

- short as desired, or as long'as it is found practicable or economicalto run a single continuous circuit for the same service, by othersystems.

Each section is in effect a complete circuit of itself, operated fromits ends; The fact that t ,there are other circuits arran ed in line orse ries with it, is a matter whic concerns only the individualcapacities of the line condensers, to secure t'he proper line-capacity,-

section which it leavesl as fully explained in my. said'former case.

'Although, 1n; theory, the terminal or polar condensers do not becomecompletely charged until all the interior ones, from the center out,have done so, and additional condensers would seem to require additionaltime to charge the line, yet practically this difference may bedisregarded.

The resistance of the line sections will be cross-connections (with theelectrical receivers in them) serving to furnish paths of (preferably)lower resistance, for the current to reach a point of low potential, byway of the cross-connection than by way of the line- If, however, theyconnect two different lines, each .of which is operated by its own Isetof condensers, as in Figs. 11, '13, 14, 15, and 23, the resistance inthe cross-conductors is preferably made high. Where a section is to beused in both ways, a medium "arrangement is adopted, suited to theparticular case. Every sectlon or part of a line may be arran eddifferently,

according td what iswanted o it. 'If service cross-connections are used,in anyportion of the line, the working will be best when they arenumerous, and distributed'over the whole of that ortion. l

The s1ze of the line conductor will of course be as small aspossibleffor the sake of economy in cost, at the same time keeping theresistance as'low as maybe in each case. Then, knowing the maximumamount of'electrical energy to be delivered in the section, the capacityof the line condensers should be'such as can deliver, or discharge,currents'having the desired, strength. The potential at the generatcrshould be sufficient to cause the ll and prompt chargin of thecondensers I throughout the line. en thus arranged, the condensers ofeach section will (or can) send or deliver u on it currents of the samestren .th. Andi one section is adapted for say 50 HfR, thensuch sectionsmaybe ad ed on, and the length of the line so increased toany reasonableextent, without increasing the size'of the lineconductor, and 50 H. P.

' current will or may be delivered for use in every section throughoutthe line, provided upfthe. potential of the ,so de ivering a certainamount of ener y,

same otential is maintained; or, if the po tentia be increased, the timeremains the a same. 'lherefore a higher resistance the individualsections calls for a higher,poten- 5, tial' to overcome it, precisely asinall other electrical work. a

The amount of power delivered may be in-' creased by. increasing therapidity of the current alternations orvariations, i..- e., the numheroi times that the condensers d scharge r over tllGlllIO. lf acurrenthaving a certain w amount of energy is sent over the sections at eachdischarge, then doubling the number of discharges per second doublesthepower supplied on each section.

condensers of that section reach their proper potential more easily. Ifthe" condensers do not.become completely charged with .that

- rapidity, the potential at the generator is increased tomake them doso.

The resistance should be approximately equal in the several sections, ifit approaches the limit of the charging power of the section '25condensers, but this is not essential if it be less than that. Forexample, if an electrodynamic motor (or other generator of counterelectromotive force,by which term I mean inverse extra currents and alloppos- 40 throughit and fully charge the condensers.

Iffthen, the interruptions or alternations at the generator are so rapidthat the. currentis reversed before the condensers of this sectionbecome fully charged, the m or will have received less than the fullamou t of current through'its coils when this reversal occurs, 1 with acorresponding loss of power. The same effect is produced if inductiveresistance is generated in or by the conductor itself, such as selfinduction, static charge, or

the like. If the sum of this inductive vir- I tual or pseudo-resistanceand the real elec-. trical resistance in the section is greater thanthat 'in the other sections, it should be ss'lessei ed. The method oflessening the in ductive resistances in the conductor itself,

1 such as'selfinduction and static char e, is

explained in my applications-No. 29,882 and ;No.,73,908. I not greater,then the potenti-alyat the generator .should be increased, to perfectthe action oi the-line and increase the power of the motors InFig. 6,the field 'm'a'gnets M -M, may'c'onstitutea high resist fiance-shuntaround the armature, or'there.

ag-m also be othercir'cuits between the con- Ifthat amount of power isnot called for in any section, the

densers in Figs. 6 and 7, to modify the action before described; Andvarious modifications and combinations of the coils of the armature andof the field magnets may be adopted to secure special results, as iswell understood. Fig. '24 is an illustration of generators of counterelectromotive force arranged in three branches of-alsection.

In all of the figures, the pole pieces and other minor parts of theelectric machines and,apparatus are omitted for thesake of clearness,notbeing necessary to the explanation. For the same reason the di erentparts of the apparatus are not show-nin their real proportionate sizes,as in Fig. 2, wheret'he circuit-brealdng apparatus 00 is shown as muchlarger than the dynamoelectric machine M M, because the former'is newand isbeing described, while the latter is 1 old and Well understood. Itshould there- 35 fore .beunderstood that the-drawings are not designedto represent actual construction'of working apparatus, but' simplyconventional symbols of elements whose construction is. well understoodby those versed in the art, and that I have only'shown such arts aswerenecessary for the explanation o In invention, i. e., of mycombinations an arrangements' of those, elements and parts. For similarreasons, the capacities of the condensers arranged in series should beapproximately equal, (4;. e. none of them should be too 'small todischarge the proper'volume of current over their secti9ns,) except thatthe terminal or polar condensers may preferably be a little larger thanthe others, in order that they may still attract or draw, at er theothers are charged, and so exert a sort of coercive action upon -.the mandinsure the 1 complete charging of the line. When all the resistancesin the line and the capacities of the condensers are properly adjustedtotheelectromotive force at the generator, the line currents will havetheir greatest potential and volume, and the line will transmit 11o thegreatest amount of electrical energy over it. Although some of thesestatements would be evident to electricians and were therefore omittedin my said former .case as unnecessary, I have "thought it well to e'x-11 'plain more fully here, forthe benefit of the ordinary operator, therinciples u on which the invention is base ,especia y as the same isclaimedmore indetail in this case.

eeption of producing the actuating currents from'straight or directcurrents, all of'the details described and claimed in this-case areparts of nay original'invention which is partly covered b my Patent No.383,520; that they are equal y as applicable when the currents areoriginally 'roduced in the alternating form, as described in said('Ipatent, as when produced in the manner escribed. in this It should bereme'nlberedthat, with the ex- 121 application that they-might properlyhave my said atent. The fact that any'statement or c aim appears in.this case instead of in that is therefore not to be construed asimplyingthat it is of later invention, for every part and detail of this casewas already invented'when said former specification was written, and,with the exception already mentioned which was necessarily put into aseparate application, might have been included therein.

In addition to the statement regarding the nature."- of my inventiongiven in my said pratent, I will again indicate wherein it difl'ers omothers. My system is the transmission through condensers of continuousand uniform currents, (as distingushed from interrupted, irregular orvariable currents, such as are used in telegraphy, telephony, and thelike,) and their utilization by electrical receivers adapted for uniformand continuous currents, such as'lamps, motors, heating and power aaratus, etc., as distinguished from telegrap c, telephonic and similardevices, which require certain predetermined and systematicinterruptions or variations to be madein the currents in order toproperly operate said devices. The tIBJISIIlISSlOIf of such continuousuniform currents (instead of. currents interrupted or varied soas toproduce se arate signals or impulses) through a series 0 condensersconnected into a line and their utilization'in such electricalreceivers, as described, effects some very important ractical results.

A resu t which has not been pointed out as clearly as its importancerequires is the enormous'increase in the useful work done by thecondensers. By the old w'ay,of connecting condensers in series, the chare of each condenser was'merely discharge into the next one without anyaccountor measurement being madezof 1t in' fact, the text books statethat they contain no energy. Only the charge and discharge of theterminal condenser were measured and that charge. was

' represented to be the charge of the series. In

my system I insert working lines between the successive condensers andutilize'the ourrentsover them. Each condenser in the se-' ries has thesame charge as the terminal condenser, and its charge contains the samethe total charge series is not. t

amount of electrical energy. eachgcondenser gives as much current overtheline connected to it as the terminalconden'ser gives, the result ofmy arrangement is that (current and ener l of the ries, as is wronglystated in the text books,

e normal char e o asinglecondenser-dividedby the num r in the sereceivedand discharged by one condenser. Forexample, if there are 100 condensersand sections in series, I obtain by my arrangement100 times as muchuseful current over the line as such a series will yieldaccording to andcurrents between the condensers, 1nstead of ignoring them according tothe old .way. The method of adjusting the resistances in the hue and thecapacities of the condensers to the electromotive'force at the generatorin order to secure this result is described in both cases.- 2

By the words suitably varying currents, E. M. F,- or potential) I mean,as explained in my said former' case, preferably those having the normaland pro er form of alternating current waves, in w 'ch the E. M. F. in-

is rising as it decreases while the potential is falling, as it is knownthat such waves or alternationswill charge a .condenser without less ofenergy, and such waves or alternatrons are to be understood as the formI prefer and endeavor to secure for use in my system, although I can usecurrent waves of almost any form. As the condensers charge and dischargeat the same rate as the potential rises and falls at the generator,(provided the resistances in the line arepro erly adjusted,) the:generatorcis preferab y so d esi ned as to produce wavesor'alternatlonsin which the potential rises and falls in equal ratios.The chargin will then be done-properly, and the" line wi l o erate mosteconomically. These additiona explanations should make the principles ofmy invention clear even to those who'have but little knowledge ofelectricity. 1 r

Although the currents are produced and others, they may be utilized inthe same ways as others, and also in'some ways that others cannot. Ihave already described elecand in derived circnits therefrom, also inrents may likewise be utilizedby arranging independent conductors ininductlve relae -tion to the line or cross-conductors, whereby ,currentscorres ondin to the line currents are produced t erein netic induction.In Fig. 1, C is an examp e of how this may be effected, and consists oftwo coils, one of which is in the line section between K and K; whilethe. other coil, wound aroundit, is in a local circuit conta1ning anelectrical receiver for utilizing the currents, and which is shown as amagnet M,

parts. In igs. I3 15' 17 18-, 26 27 28 29 are other e amples" of suchdynamic in mag coil may have its two sidesininductive creases at thesame rate while the potential trical receivers as'inserted directly inthe line cross-connections between difl'er'ent lines or 'dlfferentsections of the same line. My curenetic induction in a single section. Aloop ,or'

the text books, because I utilize the charges transmitted differently inmy system from y d namic or ma 1 25 with its armature -Ar and .othernecessary;

. relation to the line conductors in two sections whichconvey currentsin opposite directions, whereby both act to induce ourrents in the samedirection through the coil between condensers K K and K K, is

- outgoing and the return line conductors by induction therefrom,instead of'by con'duc-- tion, as in IC, and likethecross conductors N Nand L it may of course be moved along the line or lines ineitherdirection', but a'con tact-maker is not required for it. 7

In Fig. 1, IC is shown between the two line leads or conductors, but itmayof course be. arranged above, below or outside ,of them, as may bemost desirable, so long as its two sides are in inductive proximity tothe two opposite parts of the bus or circuit and are acted upon asdescribed. I shows an nduction coil arrangement, similar to IC, arrangedin the servlce cross-connection N N Fig." 1, which is attached betweenthe two branches of the section. The conduct- 1v e crossconnection N ,Nsupphes current to its receiver IO by conduction from the two branches,just ,as the inductive cross connection IC supplies cu'rrentto El byinduction from the two a line wires. Their functions are the same, but NN operates by conduction, while IO operates by induction. It mayobviously connect ,two lines .or seetlons atpoints having any desireddifference of potential, for exam le, such as showndn convenience, as atelepho e.

receivers therein.

tion conductors, 0

Figs. 13, 14, 19, 22 an 23. ,.One'coil of IC is in the cross-conductor;the other is in inductive relation thereto, and inga local circult" a a.This circuit may contain any desired electrical receivers,shown here,for Vibrating, un-- dulatlng, interrupted, a ternating or anyothersuitably varied currents 'assing over the line will produce correspo mgcurrents. in the decal circuit a a, and act upon the Any other suitablearrangement may be adopted for utilizing the l ne currents by dynamic ormagnetic induc- 1310111143011 and in inde endent conductors or devices.I'also use t e line currentscumulatively, tg produce magnetism and forany, other desired purposies, by formin thesecany desire portionthereof, into coils, and arranging two or more sections orcoilsto actupon a single I magnet, or in a singleelectrical receiver. An

example. of this is shown-in Fig. 1 at the ex{ treme right oi thesystem, whose-four coils m m m m constitute, the major part of fourdifferent sections of the line, andall act upon trical receiver.

. ings.

. usually made,

line sections between K and K" in one elec M may be a telegraphicsounder or relay; or the armature, Am, with its front'and back stops 2,2-, may -control the electrical connections of a local circuithaving itsown generator and electrical receiver, examples of which are shown in OrM may :represent any other kind of electrical receiver, by which term Imean any device Fig. 11', also at the left in Fig. 1.

for receiving and utilizing currents.

Other examples of. cumulative action are seen in Fig. 10, where thecurrents sent. through the motor are utilized three times, twice inthefield magnets and once, in the armature. In Fig. 9, the line currentsare dividedfone-half is used four times in the field magnets M M, andthe other half is used twice in the armature, by means of two pairs ofbrushes. The'current enters at one brush, flows in one-half of the.armature coils, and emerges by the-other brush, which is connected tothe adjacent condenser, from the other side of which currents are sentthrough the remaining coils of the armature by way of the other pair ofbrushes. Each pair maybear on' diflerent commutators or collectors.arrangement may be adopted,the object of the figures being to show howthe cumulative action may be applied to a motor. In fact, myentiresystem is one of cumulative inductions upon a line. a

In Figs. 1,6, 7, 9, 1c, 11,,13, 15, 2c, 27, 28 and 29, the motors andsimilar electrical receivers are represented asoccupyi'n an entiresection, to illustrate the prmcip eof the action, but in practice theyne (1 not constitute a hundredth part 'of the resisttively. In thatcase, theircoilsmay con:

stitu'te the entire resistance ofany desired number of sections. Forexample, if ower is to be transmitted for use principa 1y at the furtherend of the line, and not along 110 or on the line, diminish the numberof the sections in, the true line and increase the number at the endor'place'of utilization, and use no power along the line, but a-ll of itatthe end. The alternating currents transmitted by my line would usually're uire to be strai htened or ad'ustedl be ore being use in motors andt e likefasshown inthe draw-.- I avoid that necessity in my sT stem, 120'in the following manner.

It is well Q that ifthe .current be reversed through both the fieldmagnetsandthe armature ofaj 7 motor, themotionof the armature 0ontinu'e's, ,in the same direction; But if the-1'25 I 'alternationsbe atall rapid, the magnet icores, pole-pieces,- and similar' parts, ascould' not change, their polarityv with sufficient rap dit and theywould also generate Fouca 't currents, 130' Or any other division or kwaste energy'in heating, etc. In order to obviatethis difficulty, I makethe magnetic parts of my apparatus of finely divided magnetic material,and electrically insulate the individual particles from each, other.-

' Fine iron filings, well annealed, may answer for ordinary uses, butfor erfect work, I prefer 1ron whose comminution 18 still finer,

' ke the iron precipitated by hydrogen.

Any suitable insulatin material may be used, as shellac, aspha tum,gutta-percha, rubber, etc. When the substance is soluble in anon-aqueous solvent, or one which does asp alt or other material inbenzole, may

. manner, they need not be cemented to ether,

be employed, and the iron thoroughly mixed, stirred or ground up with-ituntil every particle is well coated, then the solvent is graduallyevaporated. Whether so mixed, or with melted insulating material,

the mass is cast or tamped in molds, pressed into shape while warm, orworked lnto form with tools after it becomes cold. An insulatingmaterial which melts at a much higher temperature may be used, as,various silicates, enamels, glass, or any other suitable non-conductingsubstance, which will both insulate the particles and cement themtogether into a compact massJ Any suitable cement may be used. I use aslittle of the insulating or cementing substance as will hold the masstogether. If the particles are given a good insulating coating of oxidof lead, or of magnetic oxid of iron by the Barfi or other similarprocess, or properly insulated in any other suitable but may be packedsolidly into suitab e nonmetallic casings of the proper form, in avacuum or otherwise.

Cores, etc., made'as described, takethe place of those which are made ofsolid iron, sheets, or wires, in the usual way, and con tain nearlyasmuch iron in the same cubic space. Such magnetic material I termcomminuted iron. The casings or. the sup orts for 'the comminuted' iron,descri ed, as well as the supports or frame WOIkOf the ap aratus ormachine, may of course be meta lic'wherever the magnetic lines .of forcewill not make their path through them and produce useless currents.

Fig. 16 is a view of an ordinary electromagnet M, partly i section,whose cores,- yoke, and armature are made of-In comminuted iron, whichis designate by the cross-lined part (1, around which is the casing .c.In this Instance, the iron is not cemented together but merely packedsolidly in thecasing c, which completely surrounds it. Further supportis ou by the ears or off; sets e e, from the pi 19.1 g, to which thehard rubber ends v of the coils are sprewed or may be employed; and ifit is well cemented together it may needno support, but haveconsiderable strength and supportingpower of its own. By making theirmagnetic parts of this comminuted iron, I can therefore use my.alternating currents unchanged in the motors, dynamos, etc. shown in thefigures, and for all purposes e ce t for charging secondary batteries,electro ysis, and a few minor applications. For suchuses, they mustfirst be adjusted. 'I have described inanother application for patent adevice for straightening alternating currents, irrespective of therapidity of the reversals, whether 1' or 10,000 times per second ormore. For moderate speeds, however, St, a very simple modification ofthe ole-changing apparatus shown in Fig. 1, wil sufiice. Fig. 11, at theextreme right, shows the bar of the polechang'er actuated by a polarizedmagnet M, inserted between two line condensers at 8, 9.

The bar, 4., and the rest or stop 3 are ar-' ranged inanother branch ofthe main circuit. The impulses of one-polarity pull the batteries S B,and an other suitable recip cuts of the current. is a resistance orapparatus for regulating the current through the branch containing thesecondary batter ies, or cutting them out of circuit, automatically orotherwise. Fig. 25 shows one arrangementjfor that purpose. R is theresistance', adjusted to cause the roper portion of the current to flowt ough when the switches S, S, are down, as shown. When they are turnedup to the sto s or se ments 25, they form a shunt arouncflt, while S Bis cut out of circuit. Outside of the local circuit, a (L, however, thecurrent is still an alternating one, and the operation of the system isnot disturbed. For more rapid alternations, thearrangement shown-m Fig.2 may be utilized in place of St, by reversing its action. I send thealternating current in at the poles P"1and P and the circuit-changingwheels W and w act to straighten or a .just the impulses taken from 112)-by the brushesfi, 7, and sent through the local circuit a a, "as willbe seen ontracing out the coursefof the im ulses. Theonly re ui'site isthat the whee s -W and w shall revo ve at the correct speed, so that thebrushes make contacts with the" segments synchronously dynamo M M,'inthe localgcircuit a a, may

now be run as amo'tor, by the-adjustedcurrents. Or the current in thelocal circuit may be used for, any. other purpose for which straightcurrents are adapted,,as is indicated by El in Fig. 1 1 representing anysuitable electrical receivers.

If required to change the potential or quantity of the line currentsbefore utilizing them,that may be done by means of induction' coils, theprimarycoils thereof being. arranged either in, or in inductive relationto, the line, while their secondary coils are in a local circuitcontaining the electrical receivers. Such. arrangement is shownv by. IQand 1G in Fig. 1. and by Tr in Figs; 26, 28 and 29. Where theinductive-cross connection-IC is arranged as in Fig.1, the combina--tion of .10 and the line wlres constitutes a sliding or separabletransformer or induction co l, the line wires being the primary wire or0011 and 10 being the secondary coil, or vice versa,and the inductionaction of this transformer is precisely the same whether 10 isstationaryor is rnovin along the line, be-

cause the movement 0 IC is negligible incomparison with the speed atwhich the current waves or impulses 'flow along the line. 10 shows asimilar arrangement in a crossconductor between two branches of a. sec'tion, and Tr, in. Fig. 15, shows it in a crossconductor between twosections or twolines. Any analogous arrangement ma be used. As is wellknown, the primary an secondary coils may be so arrangedthat linecurrents'of high'potential in the primary will induce in the secondarycoils corres onding currents of low potential, with or wit out acorrespondmg increase in quantity or volume, as de- Such apparatus areusually termed transformers or converters, and may thus supply oneor'more local circuits with currents of any required character. rents totwo local circuits a, a.

In Fig. 28, Tr thus supplies cur- In Fig..26,. one continuous circuitcontaining an electrodynamic motor is supplied with-current from Tr,.while in Fig. 29 the local or secondary circuit is itself a completesectional line whose polar condensers are charged by the currents fromTr. They may be used atany point or points in the line. It should be'understood'that such transformer orrappa-v 'ratus may be insertedbetween an two parts in my system where it may be esirable to change thepotential or quantity of the currents as described, and without changingthe general nature or action of the combination or arrangement in whichit is so inserted. For example, a transformer or converter may. beinserted between the conductor conveying the line currents and any ofthe electrical receivers intended to beactuated'thereby, in

any of the figures, without changing the character of their operation,but only the degree of perfection in the result- InFig. 17, aconverterTr is inserted between thegenerator and the condensers K and Kshown in Fig. 1. The more perfectoperation thus obtained is due to thechange of potential or quantity (or both) of. the currents used tocharge the condensers, and their racluation,-the volume and potential ofe successive impulses increasing gradually instead of suddenly, fromzero potential to the points of highest position and negative p0 ari andgradually decreasing in lik The form in which Tr is here shown, that ofa closed magnetic circuit or circular core with the primary andsecondary coils, Fri and See, on difierent parts of the core, separatefrom each other, makes their actions and at D is "shown thebeginning ofan extension .line, for continuing the original" line, and it may, inturn, be extended in the same way. 10, 11 are the poles of the extensionline, which is shown as electrically separate from the main line.

synchronous therewith, .as shown at l),- which may represent one methodof domg this, and show the principle. The hne currents flow through-apolarized magnet whereby the bar '5 of the pole-changer 1s vibrated'according to. the polarity and rapidity of the alternating impulses,and in so doing reverses the connections of the local genera= e manner.

I their relations .to the line and to the local cir- It may be governedby that, however, sov as to betor (shown as a battery) with the poles 10and, 1 1 of the branch or extension line whose beginning is shown 'bythecondensers con nected to the poles 10 and 11. All of which will beplain-without further description.

The local generator may, if desired, be

employed to assist the prime generator, by-

so controlling its connections as to throw its current into the'mainline. A method of ized. magnet controls the vibrating bar as beforedescribed, and properly reverses the connections of the local generator,which is shown .asi arranged in derived circuit with the pole-changerbetween points 8 and '9, although it may be in series therewith.

The local generator may both relay the main line current and actuate abranch or doing this is shown at D, where the polarextension line at thesame time, by connect- I ing the main line local poles 8 and 9 with thegenerator poles 10 ahd ll of the branch,

as outlined at D, whereby the alternations of the main and branch lineswill be both synchronous and identical. The connec- .in Fig.1, where theelectrical receivers may be such devices. They may also be arranged incross-conductors, after the manner shown in Fig. 1;. It'is alsoevidentthat the governmg devices need not be vibrating polechangers, butmay consist of revolving polechangers, I dynamoelectric machines, orother suitable apparatus arranged accord- .ing to my invention orsystem, as is shown Q in Fig. v.15, presently to be described, and

enough other resistance also in Fi s. 24, 26, 27, 28 and 29.

. The en s of the sections may be brought together, as in Fig. 12, i? amovable crossconnection N N is intended to pass from one line ontoanother. For example, in the case of an extension line, as, at the rightend of Fig. 11, the arrangement may be made as shown more in detail inFi 14. The

governing apparatus M (only t e magnets of which are shown but which isthe same as described and shown at M, in Fig. 11) .may be inserted inthe conductor'running across the end of the line in Fig. 11, togetherwith to make the crossing from L to Ltequal to Falf ofa section L, asalready explained, w 'ch crossconductor is then connected tozthecondenser togetherwith a similar conductor from the end of L and theother side or'armature of the condenser'is connected to R L, beingvirtually the same as in Fig/11. The poles 10 and 11 are similarlyconnected to the branch-line sections L and L as shown. The-two'systemsare arrangedin line, with non-conducting strips L between them, as

- in Fi 12, so that the movable terminals can 56 without interruption ofthe current thro readi y pass from one sysltemto the other gh thecross-connection. Fig. 14 being a (18.-

' gram, no. attempt is made to show the parts in "relative size.

in their correct pro ortionate sizes, and the black strips L? are s wngreatly exa gerated It is not materiai to the working'ofsuch anarrangement of two different lines with their ends brought together inline Whether the currents correspond in direc- 615 .-'tion in the twopairs of parallel sections or conductors, nor whether one line iselectrically connected with the other, around the non-conductor Larranged between their contiguous ends, or not. it Is not even necessarythat I the connecting or adjoining lines should have currents that aresynchronous, or even similar in any respect. The two systems may beentirely independent, separate and unlike each other, and yet they maybe operated together, if the electrical receivers i he servicecross-connection are capable of utilizing the changed currents as theypass from one system onto the other, that is to say, if

.they can be operated by the currents of dii'ferentstrength', character,or speed of variation which may then flow through them. ,Ordinarily,however, it will be well. that the lines which cover the same territoryshould be run onthc same general lan, so that they may be well suppliedwit 1 crossconnections to meet all possible requirements for currents.All of the lines and parts will then form a harmonious and mutuallysupporting whole while, running, any part of which may be put in or outof service, at any time or place, and to any extent. :With such a systemof lines and connections, properly interlaced, a failure of current overan area of any considerable extent, whether in a building or a sectionof territory would be rendered practically impossible. I f

I have explained the manner of connecting and governing branch orextension lines by means of vibrating pole-changers. But the same methodmay be applied to the revolyingcircuit-breaker in Fig. 2, or to anyother suitable current-varying apparatus, as will be readily understoodwithout detailed explanations. Dynamo-electric machines and similarapparatus or devices whlchproduce currents, electromotive force or.potential may -be.utilized in the same manner. For.

example,1), in Fig. 13, shows such a machine, which may be adynamo-electric gen-.

erator, having its field magnets in one branch of the line-section, andits armature in another. If this machine be employed as a motor, itsaction has already been described in Fig. 6. i As here arranged andused,its action is quite different. The field-magnets are in the line, andtheir polarity is reversed or varied in accordwith the reversals orvariations of its current, but, the armature be- 'ing now driven bypower, .at uniform speed and in a contrary direction (to its motion' asa motor), it generates a current corresponding to theiine current and inthe same direction as that. Supposing-a positive impulse to dome fromtheprirne generator, by induction from the section-condenser at the'left, itenergizes the field-magnets and passes on to the condenser atthe right. A pan-tion ofthe current also flows through the armature,

which is at the same time producing a cura result being the doubling ofthe potential at I the section condensers, and consequently rent in thesame direction. This machine is therefore in series with the similarprime generator connected to the poles l? and P, thethroughout theentire line. The armature current therefore cannot fiow backward throughthe field-magnets, because the ourrent is of equaLpotential in thatbranch. But .when the prime generator is reversed, the potentials ofthecond'ensers fall, a current is then sent-in the opposite directionthrough the field-magnets, reversing their magnetism, and the armatureat once pro Although deduces a reverse current also.

. scribed as occurringconsecutively', these actions are in realitypractically simultaneous in the two branches and throughout the line.The armature and field-magnets may of course bearranged in series, as inFig. 7, or

in' any desired combination of series and pendent circuits, which may beeither con-' tinuous or sectional; 'In the drawing the armature polesare shown as connected by'a, high res stance closing-circuit, adaptedfor sending out currents of any desired poten-' tial, as was fullydescribed in my former case. In this instance the terminal or polar endsof two branch lines are shown, with their condensers. This arrangementtherefore corre-- sponds to that of the vibrating pole-changer at D inFig. 11. By also connecting the armature brushes or poles totheirsection-condensers, as was done at D", the machine both relays theprime generator and actuates branch lines synchronously, like as shownat D for the vibrating pole-changer.

It may now be understood that themachines employed in the arrangementsshown in Figs. 2, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13 and 15, or any others analogousthereto, may be used either as motors or generators, as desired, bymaking their magnetic parts of comminuted iron as described. And whenused as generators,

with their field-magnets governed or energized by the line currents,they may send the currents produced in their armatures either'into themaincircuit or throughone or more independent lines or circuits, eithercontinuous or sectional and arranged'in any.

suitable manner, for use in any wa desired. (The'same remarks apply totr formers conductor may be'run in the air,

manner.

or' induction-coils arranged as local generators.)v a

When used as motors, due regard should be paid to the fact that. theytake a much greater-volume of current when first starting,

or running slowly, than after they attain their 1 full speed, and thatin the latter case they prevent the condensers from charging so rapidlyas in the former. Such electrical receivers, if'inserted in the line,are preferably arranged in branches of the section, as

*shown in Figs. 1, 4, 5', 9 and .24, rather than in seriesin a singleconductor between two condensers. making their greatest demand forcurrent, at different times, they will thus differentiate or As theywill be starting, or

equalize the'demand, resulting'in .a certain average current re uired tosupply the -.probable wants of al of them, which the capacity of thecondensers should beadapted to furnish. The same method applies to allother generators of counter-electromotive force, so that while one ismaking its greatestuse of current, another will be 1. using its smallestcurrent, and the use of current will thus be equalized and madesubstantially uniform.

Ihis arrangement of them is not .30 ink portant when such apparatus areinserted n service cross-connections, as at 10 Fig. 1,

and in Figs. 15 and 22, and I consider the, latter the preferablearrangement for electrical receivers whicb vary greatly in their use ofcurrent, at different speeds or in difl'ere'nt conditions, w ether saidvariation is caused mechanically, s by switches'and' the like, .or byoffering to the line current a greater or lessresistance, either real orin the form of counter-electromotive force.

When such cross-connections are not avail-1 able, such electricalreceivers may bearranged in local circuits which pass through thesecondary coils of ,suitable transformers or induction-coils, whoseprimary coils are in the line circuit, as shown by Tr, 1C, and 10, inFig. 1, and Tr in Figs. 15, 26, 2-8 and 29. M A M in Figs. 24 and 27show a similar arrangement of such electrical receivers intheirlocal'circuits.

The/return circuits in my system may be arranged similarly to the otheror outgoing ends, and traversing either the'same locality or run througha different section of territory, as preferred. Figs. 1,2, and 13 showsuch arrangements. In Fig. 11, {the branch lines are shown as united,(at .the

point 15, in Fig. 14,) and'from there thereturn circuitR L is a singleconductor. If

R L is only used for returning the line to the other pole, and no poweris to be taken-from it, it may be made and arranged in the cheapest andmost convenient way. The

or under- -and insulated in any suitable ground,

The sections may also be much according to the service desired from it.

But when a return circuit is not needed for use; as, in the case of along single-track electric railway, the further end of the line mayreturn, not to the other pole of the same generator, but to thecorresponding pole of a second gene ator operating syn chronously withthe first, as was stated in my said former case. In this way the returncircuit may be dispensed with. Fig. 15 shows this. The beginning-of theline is connectedto P onepole of the current gerierating andvaryingapparatus, which may be that shown in Fig. 2, or any analogousarrangement. At its further end this line is joined to another one, ifdesired, in the manner already explained It is therefore only necessaryhere to state that the line currents of the first line go throughone-half of the field-magnet coils of the relay generator M'A M, andthose of the secondline. go through the other half. The poles 10 and- 11are connected to the polar-condensers of the two lines in the regularmanner. Another relay generator, M A M, may also be inserted in theline, which may be still further extended in the same way, if desired.

At the further end of the line, (which is here shown as consisting ofthree shorter lines, separated by the insulating sections Lbut'electrically connected through M A M and M A M,respectively,) it isconnected to P or the-opposite pole of the cpr- --rent generating andvarymg apparatus therelocated, which is represented in the figure asbeing the arrangement before shown in Fig. 2 when the three switches- SS S are turned up to the-stops 13,13, 14,

r the general'arrangement isthe. same as at I 0 rated and gpvernedfrompole P. For tfsur Q's -t M A M and MA M, except that the whole of thefield -magnet coils of M A" M are energized by the line currents fromone side, as this is the terminal generator. When so arrang d, all thegenerators 'are governed from the pole P and caused to generate currentssynchronously and similarly therewith for operating the line, and M A Mpresents its pole P or 20 to the line, which is thus operated preciselyas ifl? and I? were thev opposite poles of the same generator. Theapparatus Co of course remains still, 'and the current from the eneratormaybe cut off from it, if de'sire merit-ofthe switches and circuits isshown in Fig. 30. -Whenever it may appear desirable, 'the arrangementmay reversed \at the two ends, and "the entire line be e three switche'sS S S are turned own against their-lower sto s, as

.is showriin-Fig 15.1 The motor now stead of three) gous one) connectedat its two ends. "described turning of the three switches may bearranged to be accomplished automaticstay 11 This arrange-' revolves theapparatus Ca, and the operation is as shown in Fig. 2.. At the same timethe apparatus at P should beiswitched out and arranged asI scribed thatat P when the switches S S S were all up. Inde endent and unconnectedlines may evident y be added at either or both ends and the system thusextended to any lengt One such line, L is shown in Fig. 30 as connectedto M A M. Or there may be but a sin le linein the system, (inaving thereversible arrangement described (or any other an zi lfially, b thepresence or t e stoppage of the normai currents from theline, as 1sshown in" F igl 30, which includes only those parts ofFig. 15 that arenecessary to explain this arrangement. The three switches, S, S, S, areconnected to each other and to a lever S by links or otherwise, so thatthey all move together. Jris any electro magnetic device actuated by theline currents, WhIOll flow through it when the line is operated as shownin Fig. 30. It is for convenience core, but may be any other suitablearran ement. As shown, the core is attached to the lever S "and theircombined weight is supported by the spring 1". When the high potentialcurrent from all four of the generators (M A M, Fig. 2, connected to r,Fig. 15, M A M, M A M, and MA M,) is, on the line, and passin' -throughthe solenoid k on its way to and om pole 20 of the machine M A M, thecore 7c is drawn up into the solenoid and the\lever S lifts the threeswitches into the position shown 1n Fig. 30. 1

The spring r, in combination with s ring r, is so adjusted that itallows lever 5 to as ldn as the full current flows throug solenoi( in,but if any one of the four generators ceases to act and the potential ofhave previously de represented here as a solenoid and movable thecurrent falls, spring 1 then overcomes a the attraction of the solenoidfor its coreand pulls down-,thereby causing lever 'S to sh ft theswitches into the position shown in Flg.

:15, when M A is set in action as the prime generator, and its current(suitably varied y the a paratus C0,) is sent to line through 20, P andthe polar condenser, :to jOlIl the currents of the other generators. Ifde sired, the spring 1* need not have quite so remainder of the -line.such break oc- -curs,.or if the primelgenerator at P ceases to act, theline current is no longer'reversed or varied, and the line ceases to act"at all.

At the instant when, this" occurs, k, changes much'tensionybut beadjusted to, ull the the switches and sets the generator M ARM E1 inFig. 30.

and the reversing apparatus C0, Fig. 30, to work, and the line at onceresumes operation underthe control of pole P and'the apparatus connectedwith 1t. Thus, in case of a complete severance of the two halves orparts of the line, each half would be run from ts own pole at the end,as a unipolar line, by grounding it-at the break, as wasset forth in mysald former case. The arrangement shown in Fig. and its actioncanevidently be adjusted .in many ways. Of course, the pole Pof M A Mmight be connected by another sectional line, to pole P 'of the prime'generator at the other end, thus forming a complete circuit like theothers shown, as indicated in Fig. 2, at K and K.' Or the said poles may,be'connected to unipolar lines which are grounded at their distantends, as indicated by the dotted. lines to E in Figs. 1 and 30; 'or theymay be connected directly to earth, as is also shown in Fig. 1., at P.

This connection to earthis necessary (for the charging of-- thecondensers) whenever there is no circuit. between the positive andnegative poles of the rime generator. It'is shownby the dotted incfrom21 to earth at All of which will be readily understood and accomplishedby those versed in the art without further explanation.

a It will'now be seen that m system is a reversibleone. For example,'ifB, in Fig. 1, is

a secondary battery which, by means of the pole-changer. 0, sendsalternating currents over the line, s'o',also, we'may reverse theaction, send currents into the line" from another source, whichyvill be.adjusted by C, and

" caused to rer charge the battery B, as is shown at St, Fig. '11, whereS B may ,represent our prime generator B. TheJsame is true-of M Min Fig.2, as already explained. I have also shown at-D D ,.Fig. 11, and in' Fis. 6, 7, 9, 10, and 13, howreceivers ma eit er receive currents fromthe'line for utihzation, or themselves be usedi as generators toproducecurrents and operate the line andv its receivers. If two machinesare so used,

suitable apparatus therein, or governed by its currents,) may actinversely and them selves actuate the master line with all of its 14,15, 26, 28 and 29 further illustrate this feature of my invention. Allofthese in-. stances refer to receivers inserted directly in theconductor of the line, or in a conductor con,- necting differentsections or branches, and receiving their currents by actual conduction.But the principle of reversibility also holds good when currents areinduced in independthem, as instanced at 10, IC and IQ, in Fig.

; 1, or by any analogous arrangement, as

shown inFigs. 17, 18, 24, 26, 28 and 29.

coils IC, 10 and 1G by induction from the line, but if we in any waycause currents to flow through 10 or 10, as by a battery and wise, thesecurrents .will then induce corresponding currents in the line conductorsar-. ranged in inductive relation to the coils, and such inducedcurrents may operate 'the line and the electrical receivers thereoh.When used as transformers, their action'maybe' similarly reversed asshown in the other figcomes an apparatus for producing varying currents,through one coil 'of the inductive device IO, whose other coil has itsends connected to fthe line condensers, which .it charges as run by themain or master line, {by means of Not only may currents be received bythepole changer, a dynamic generator, or other-' before. described; andthus transmits over the l electrical receivers and connections. Figs cutconductors, without conduction between v ures mentioned; Figs. 17 and 18represent thlS $36 reversed arrangement, when M,. 1, be-

line,'which may be received and utilized in a every section thereof ifthe system is propat 'the ends of a line, having their magnetic erlyarranged and adapted therefor accord-I parts 'made of my comminutediron,.- the one may be a generator sending currents over the line, andthe other a motor or receiveractuated by said currents; or the actionmay be reversed,the latter may act as the genera- 55 tor, and actuatetheformer. If both act in series as generators, the potential of theline currents is equal todahe" sum of thepotentials .at the twomachines, as 'before explained. The armature and field-magnets .of eachmay T be arranged asin Fi s. 6 or 7, whereby. the motion of each will be,governe'd'by and. in harmony' with the other, to mutually sup lycurrents to the common circ'uit. It will ailso be seen, without detailedexplanations,-that 65 branch or'eirtension lines which are. ordinarilyaction is further illustrated by Tr in Fig. 15. The cumulative action ofm system may also bereversed, and, instead 0 currents bei'nlgcumulatively received from the line and'uti izedby suitable a paratus,as hereinbeforo shown andset fort such apparatusTmay be employed tocumulatively produce currents.

up'on the line -for transmission'a'nd utiliza- '60 ceiver M, Fig. 1,with its four coils, may be reversed, and currents maybe produced in thecoils by other means,'as' by varying the magnetism of the magnetcore,--.by vibrating the iron of thearmature Ag before its pole,manually or otherwise, orin any other suit- 1B0 ing to theprinciplesherein set forth. This 115' 7 tion. For example, the action of the 10-

